Two years ago, running a quality language model cost $15 per million tokens. Today, you can get comparable output for $0.15. That’s a 100x reduction. This isn’t incremental improvement — it’s a phase transition…
Mixture of Experts (MoE) is the architectural trick that broke the scaling laws. Instead of activating every parameter for every token, MoE models route each input to a small subset of specialized “expert” networks….
Every piece of data fed into a model is an action that shapes the model’s future behavior. The consequences aren’t random. They’re structurally determined by the nature of the input. Garbage in, garbage out…
Over-parameterized neural networks routinely achieve near-identical performance after losing 90% of their weights. Network pruning reveals something surprising: most parameters carry zero meaningful signal. The question is why structure emerges more reliably from absence…
Language models process tokens in sequence with no structural representation of what lies between them. This is a fundamental architectural limitation that affects everything from style consistency to reasoning coherence. The gaps, pauses, and…
AI safety has a blind spot. It’s built almost entirely on analytical philosophy, decision theory, and formal mathematics. These are powerful tools. But they share a common limitation: they treat experience as either irrelevant…
You wouldn’t raise a child in a toxic environment and expect them to be well-adjusted. Yet we train language models on the cognitive equivalent of a landfill and wonder why they produce garbage. Cognitive…
Standard DPO data has two elements: a chosen response and a rejected response. The model learns to prefer one over the other. Simple. Effective. Limited. The Triangle of Correction adds a third element that…
RLHF was a breakthrough. It gave us a way to shape model behavior using human preferences. But it was always a patch, not a foundation. The reward model learns what humans approve of. It…
Most current alignment approaches treat safety as a wall. Hard rules. Strict boundaries. Constitutional principles that function like inflexible commandments. This brittleness is the core problem: the model either complies or it doesn’t. There’s…